He says a $1m refuelling satellite launch could save $100m worth of satellites from having to be replaced – or at least not for another five years.

But there’s also a second major reason that refuelling appeals.

Today, the average low-Earth orbit (leo) satellite flies some 550km above the planet, Powell says.

But if a satellite is able to use more fuel to deal with the greater drag at lower altitudes, that could be reduced to 300km. That means faster satellite broadband and better photos, Powell says.

And in a world of increasing space junk, a debris-free lower orbit is also a safer orbit, Powell says.

Dawn has already developed a Docking and Fluid Transfer (DFT) docking port, which will be included with satellite propulsion systems it’s sold to the Netherlands’ Air Force for a series of new satellites, plus two unnamed companies. It’s also working with CNES (the French national space agency) and others on refuelling architecture.

But the showpiece will be Dawn’s launch of a Space Utility Vehicle and Orbital Propellant Depot in 2028 for a technology demo. All going well, Powell sees a commercial launch in 2029.

The US$25m raise

The raise announced overnight, which follows a $20m Series A in 2022, was backed by a clutch of US venture capital (VC) firms, led by Dallas-based Balerion Space Ventures.

NZVC, founded by Mark Pavlyukovskyy, a Ukrainian who relocated to NZ in 2021, also chipped in, as did several local VCs who participated in early rounds: Icehouse Ventures, Derek Handley’s Aera and Global From Day One (GD1).

Powell says the firm has grown from $3m revenue in 2022 to “well over $15m with growth over 90% in the past 12 months and cashflow-positive operations”.

Powell said this financial momentum coincides with a global surge in aerospace and defence investment, as US and Europe military and space budgets hit historic highs.

Private investors are also piling in. But while SpaceX has grabbed headlines with its multitrillion-dollar initial public offer (IPO), Powell says with earlier-stage firms “investors want to see real hardware and real revenue”.

Powell says the firm’s income from contracts has exceeded the amount it’s raised from venture capital.

Kiwi-Dutch roots

Dawn was co-founded in 2017 by Waikato-raised brothers James Powell (who studied mechanical engineering at Canterbury University) and Stefan Powell, a one-time Rocket Lab intern who moved to the Netherlands to study aerospace engineering at the Delft University of Technology, where he worked on a project with three fellow students who would also become co-founders: Jereon Wink, Tobias Knop and Robert Werner.

The firm set up its operational headquarters in Christchurch, but also maintains a facility in Delft.

In 2018, the start-up raised $3.4m in seed funding to develop its Mk-II Aurora suborbital, rocket-powered spaceplane – an unmanned vehicle for taking small payloads to high altitudes.

Last year, Dawn made its first Aurora sale.

The Oklahoma Space Industry Development Authority – a state government-owned agency that operates a runway and aerospace innovation hub – paid US$17m, covering the spaceplane, ground support and maintenance. The Mk-II is due to be delivered next year.

Earlier this year, Dawn participated in a joint naval defence trial called Darte (Dawn Aerospace Radar Tracking Experiment).

The trial took place off the coast of Banks Peninsula and saw the HMNZS Te Kaha attempting to track an Aurora spaceplane as it hit speeds of Mach 1.1 and altitudes of around 25km.

The navy said the frigate’s radar proved its chops, without the need for expensive offshore testing and provided valuable data about defending against high-velocity projectiles.

Dawn’s second major line of business has been propulsion systems, which now power more than 50 satellites.

A signature feature is that the Kiwi-Dutch company’s systems are fuelled by a combination of nitrous oxide and propene, billed as a cleaner, safer alternative to the widely used hydrazine.

Chris Keall is an Auckland-based member of the Herald’s business team. He joined the Herald in 2018 and is the technology editor and a senior business writer.