We asked food safety experts what they use in their own kitchens and how they reduce the risk of bacterial contamination. Here’s what they told us.
Use a brush for dishes
No cleaning tool is maintenance-free, but dish brushes have been shown in studies to be more hygienic than sponges. That’s because bristles dry faster than sponges, meaning the bacteria die off more quickly.
The bristles, which may be plastic or made of natural materials such as bamboo or beechwood, also make it easier to see grime.
“They tend to have a more open matrix, which makes it harder to trap food particles, and that also makes it much more readily amenable to sitting somewhere and draining and drying,” Schaffner said.
In a 2021 study, brushes were found to have no residual water four and a half hours after being immersed in water, resulting in fewer bacteria compared with sponges. One type of sponge that was tested still held up to a teaspoon of water 24 hours after immersion. This created a humid environment for bacteria that can make you sick, such as salmonella and campylobacter, to grow.
As with any cleaning tool, brushes must be regularly cleaned and sanitised or replaced, said Jason Bolton, a food safety expert and associate dean at the University of Maine Cooperative Extension.
Wash dish brushes often – ideally, daily – with hot, soapy water and then set them in a place where they can drip dry – bristles down, Bolton said. Then sanitise them. Often, plastic brushes can be placed in a dishwasher, but follow the manufacturer instructions.
Bacteria can still hide in the crevices where the bristles come out of the handle, so brushes or replaceable brush heads should be disposed of once they start to appear stained or soiled, said Bolton, who uses a dish brush in his kitchen.
That being said, brushes aren’t ideal for cleaning surfaces because the bristles don’t make as much contact with countertops or may scratch certain materials, such as some non-stick cookware. That’s where the dish cloth comes in.
Use a cloth or towel for washing and drying
Dishcloths, which may be made of materials such as cotton, linen or even plant cellulose, can be useful both for washing and drying. When kept clean and dry, they can be more sanitary than sponges. The key is to have a set of dishcloths and, ideally, use a fresh one each day.
“Using a dish towel that goes through a proper laundry cycle and high-temperature drying cycle, there’s a lower risk,” compared with sponges or towels that are not properly cleaned, sanitised and dried, said Bolton, who uses dishcloths as well.
Dishcloths are easier to launder and more likely to be laundered, often making them a safer choice than sponges, Bolton said. Also, they tend to dry out faster, reducing the risk of bacterial growth.
That said, dishcloths that are balled up or allowed to stay moist can harbour bacteria in much the same way as dish sponges, research shows.
Cotton and biodegradable dishcloths made of materials such as plant cellulose usually can be washed in a dishwasher or washing machine, and go through a heated drying cycle. Synthetic materials can work, too, as long as they can be dried at high heat, Bolton said. With any material, follow the manufacturer instructions as they may not be designed to go through a washing and drying cycle, he said.
Another option: single-use paper towels pose less risk from a food-safety standpoint because you’re not reusing them and potentially spreading bacteria, but they’re not as environmentally friendly. Schaffner said his used paper towels go into the compost, “but if you’re not composting, then that goes to a landfill”.
Can’t quit your sponge? Here’s how to keep it clean
If you prefer to keep your sponges, you should ideally sanitise them daily, assuming you use them frequently, Bolton said.
Here are three ways to do that:
- Run your sponges through the dishwasher. If you have a sanitiser cycle, that can help both clean and sanitise them, Schaffner said.
- Place your sponges in a small dish and cover them slightly with clean water, then put them in the microwave for about a minute to kill any bacteria. Never microwave a sponge that’s dry because it can catch fire, he said. Once cool, wring them out and set them someplace where they can dry completely, he said.
- Put your sponges in the kitchen sink and pour boiling water from a pot or kettle over them. Again, once cool enough to touch, wring out the excess water and let them dry, he said. For best results when microwaving or boiling sponges, use a digital meat thermometer to make sure the water reaches at least 70C, Schaffner said.
Keep in mind that the data on these methods is mixed. Some research suggests microwaving or dishwashing sponges may help kill harmful bacteria. But one study found that microwaving and boiling treatments reduced bacteria in sponges in a laboratory but not in actual kitchens. The researchers also noted that “no method alone seemed to be able to achieve a general bacterial reduction of more than about 60%”.
Schaffner said he has “a multipronged system” in his house, using dishcloths, paper towels and sponges, which he makes sure are clean, wrung out and set to dry in a sponge rack inside his kitchen sink.
As soon as you start to see wear and tear or soil that can’t be easily removed, the sponges should be replaced.
You could also consider replacing your regular sponge with a silicone one. Silicone sponges, which are non-porous unlike traditional sponges, are made of foam-like natural or synthetic materials, don’t hold water and are easier to clean, Bolton said. Also, they are often dishwasher safe.
